【科普】城市地铁的基本知识

来源：城市地铁

一、地铁是什么?
地铁是地下铁道的简称。它是一种独立的有轨交通系统，不受地面道路情况的影响，能够按照设计的能力正常运行，从而快速、安全、舒适地运送乘客。地铁效率高，无污染，能够实现大运量的要求，具有良好的社会效益。
地铁是有轨交通，其运输组织、功能实现、安全保证均应遵循有轨交通的客观规律。在运输组织上要实行集中调度、统一指挥、按运行图组织行车；在功能实现方面，各有关专业如隧道、线路、供电、车辆、通信、信号、车站机电设备及消防系统均应保证状态良好，运行正常；在安全保证方面，主要依靠行车组织和设备正常运行来保证必要的行车间隔和正确的行车经路。
为了保证地铁列车运行安全、正点，在集中调度、统一指挥的原则下，行车组织、设备、车辆检修、设备运行管理、安全保证等均由一系列规章制度来规范。地铁是一个多专业多工种配合工作、围绕安全行车这一中心而组成的有序联动、时效性极强的系统。
地铁中采用了以电子计算机处理技术为核心的各种自动化设备，从而代替人工的、机械的、电气的行车组织、设备运行和安全保证系统。如ATC（列车自动控制）系统可以实现列车自动驾驶、自动跟踪、自动调度；SCADA（供电系统管理自动化）系统可以实现主变电所、牵引变电所、降压变电所设备系统的遥控、遥信、遥测；BAS（环境监控系统）和FAS（火灾报警系统）可以实现车站环境控制的自动化和消防、报警系统的自动化；AFC（自动售检票系统）可以实现自动售票、检票、分类等功能。这些系统全线各自形成网络，均在OCC（控制中心）设中心计算机，实行统一指挥，分级控制。
地铁路网的基本型式有：单线式、单环线式、多线式、蛛网式。每一条地铁线路都是由区间隧道 （地面上为地面线路或高架线路）、车站及附属建筑物组成。车站按其功能分为四种：
1.中间站：只供乘客乘降用，此类车站数量最多。
2.折返站：在中间站设有折返线路设备即称为折返站，一般在市区客流量大的区段设立，可以满足乘客需要，同时节省运营开支。
3.换乘站：既用于乘客乘降又为乘客提供换乘的车站。
4.终点站：地铁线路两端的车站，除了供乘客上下或换乘外，通常还供列车停留、折返、临修及检修使用。
二、地铁车辆
地铁车辆是城市轨道交通系统的重要组成部分，也是技术含量较高的机电设备。地铁车辆应具有先进性、可靠性和实用性，应满足容量大、安全、快速、美观和节能的要求。地铁车辆有动车(M，Motor)和拖车(T，Trailer)、带司机室车和不带司机室车等多种形式。动车本身带有动力牵引装置，拖车本身无动力牵引装置；动车又分为带有受电弓的动车和不带受电弓的动车。
地铁车辆在运营时一般采用动拖结合、固定编组，形成电动列车组。由于它本身带有动力牵引装置，兼有牵引和载客两大功能，因此和铁路列车不同，不需要再连挂单独的机车。
一般地铁车辆由以下七部分组成：
(1)车体
车体是容纳乘客和司机驾驶(对于有司机室的车辆)的地方，又是安装与连接其他设备和部件的基础。一般有底架、端墙、侧墙及车顶等。
(2)动力转向架和非动力转向架
动力转向架和非动力转向架装置位于车体和轨道之间，用来牵引和引导车辆沿着轨道行驶，承受与传递来自车体及线路的各种载荷并缓冲其动力作用，是保证车辆运行品质的关键部位。一般由构架、弹簧悬挂装置、轮对轴箱装置和制动装置等组成。
(3)牵引缓冲连接装置
车辆编组成列安全运行必须借助于连接装置。为了改善列车纵向平稳性，一般在车钩的后部装设缓冲装置，以缓和列车的冲动。
(4)制动装置
制动装置是保证列车安全运行所不可少的装置。城市轨道车辆制动装置除常规的空气制动装置外，还有再生制动、电阻制动和磁轨制动等。
(5)受流装置
从接触导线(接触网)或导电轨(第三轨)将电流引入动车的装置称为受流装置或受流器。受流装置按其受流方式可分为以下几种形式：a、杆形受流器；b、弓形受流器；c、侧面受流器；d、轨道式受流器；e、受电弓受流器。
(6)　车辆内部设备
车辆内部设备包括服务于乘客的车体内的固定附属装置和服务于车辆运行的设备装置。属于前者的有车电、通风、取暖、空调、座椅、拉手等。服务于车辆运行的设备装置大多吊挂于车底架，如蓄电池箱、继电器箱、主控制箱、电动空气压缩机组、总风缸、电源变压器、各种电气开关和接触器箱等。
(7)车辆电气系统
车辆电气包括车辆上的各种电气设备及其控制电路。按其作用和功能可分为主电路系统、辅助电路系统和控制电路系统三个部分。
三、地铁信号
信号设备的主要作用是保证行车的安全和提高线路的通过能力，包括信号装置、联锁装置、闭塞装置等。信号装置是指示列车运行条件的信号及附属设备；联锁装置是保证在车站范围内，行车和调车安全及提高通过能力的设备；闭塞装置是保证在区间内行车安全及提高通过能力的设备。
在车站上，铺设有许多条线路，线路之间用道岔联结。列车在车站内运行的路径，叫做进路。进路由道岔位置决定。进路要有信号机防护，道岔位置不对，或者进路上有车，防护此条进路的信号机就不能开放，从而保证列车的运行安全。道岔、进路和信号三者之间相互制约、相互依存的关系称为联锁。实现联锁的设备叫做联锁设备。把许多道岔、进路和信号机用电气方法集中控制和监督，并实现它们联锁的设备，叫做电气集中设备。由车站向区间发车时必须确定区间内无车，还要防止两个车站在同一线路上向同区间发车。这种按照一定的方法组织列车在区间内的运行，一般称为行车闭塞，用来联络的设备称为闭塞设备。常用的闭塞设备有自动闭塞、半自动闭塞及电气路签闭塞等。地铁采用自动闭塞设备。
四、地铁通信
地铁通信是构成地铁各部门之间有机联系、实现运输集中统一指挥、行车调度自动化、列车运行自动化、提高运输效率的必备工具与手段。地铁通信按其用途来分，可分为地区自动通信、地铁专用通信、有限广播、闭路电视、无线通信以及子母钟报时系统、会议系统、传真及计算机通信系统；按信息传输的媒介可分为有线通信和无线通信，有线通信又可分为光缆和电缆通信。地铁通信是既能传输语言，又能传输文字、数据、图像等各种信息的综合数字通信网。
五、地铁供电
地铁的供电系统是为地铁运营提供电能的。地铁列车是电力牵引的电动列车，其动力是电能；此外，地铁中的辅助设施包括照明、通风、空调、排水、通信、信号、防灾报警、自动扶梯等，也都依赖电能。
地铁供电电源一般取自城市电网，通过城市电网一次电力系统和地铁供电系统实现输送或变换，然后以适当的电压等级供给地铁各类设备。根据用电性质的不同，地铁供电系统可分为两部分：由牵引变电所为主组成的牵引供电系统和以降压变电所为主组成的动力照明供电系统。
六、地铁环境控制与车站设备
为了保证地铁安全正常运行，应在地铁内设置环境控制设备和各类必需的车站辅助设备，包括：通风、空调、给排水、消防、自动扶梯、直升电梯、动力、照明、旅客引导等系统设备。现代化程度较高的地铁还配置了自动售检票系统、车站设备自控系统、屏蔽门等。
给排水系统用来提供地铁运营中生产、生活和消防用水，收集并排除地下渗透水和生产、生活产生的废水、污水。地铁给水系统的水源一般取自城市自来水。
地铁消防系统分中央和车站两级。中央级的主要功能是：监视全线消防设备状态；火灾时，指挥全线消防抢险活动；控制全线有关消防设备的运行。车站级的主要功能是：监视车站消防设备运行情况，接受各类报警信息；控制车站及相邻区间内消防设备的动作，实施灭火活动；与中央级间进行必要的信息传输。
地铁车站里的辅助设备包括：自动扶梯、直升电梯、卷帘门、防洪门、旅客引导、照明、售检系统、车站设备自控系统等。根据需要还可设置屏蔽门和防核辐射门等。
七、地铁运输组织
地铁运输组织主要是列车运行组织和接发列车组织。在列车运行组织工作中，根据地铁吸引的城市人员上下班(学)等客运流量、流向的实际情况，在基本列车运行图中编划出早、晚客流高峰时段密集开行列车的阶段运行计划；同时，还编制出各种节假日、春运等形式列车运行图，以便最大限度地满足城市人民对地铁运输的各种需要。
八、地铁常用标记
1.安全线：
站台近轨道处有一条黄色警戒线叫安全线。您必须站在安全线以内候车。
2.候车带：
与安全线相垂直，每隔几步就有一黄色方形区域叫候车带。地铁列车进站后会自动定点停车，车门刚好正对候车带，候车的乘客应站在候车带两侧，中间下两侧上。
3.盲人指引地砖：
与候车带相连的，还有一条带有凸纹的绿色地砖带叫盲人指引地砖，或叫盲人导向带。

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